The AppleScript Language Guide (updated for Mac OS X 10.5) is available as an online website, or as a PDF download. Release Notes for AppleScript in Mac OS X 10.5; Release Notes for AppleScript in Mac OS X 10.6; TN 2106 Scripting Interface Guidelines; TN 2065 The Do Shell Script Command.
- In fact, I describe Apprentice Alf's nifty AppleScript in Apprentice Alf's DeDRM AppleScript for Mac OS X 10.5, 10.6. Alf's page can be read at DeDRM AppleScript for Mac OS X 10.5, 10.6. Anyone wanting to remove DRM from e-books in the PDF format will, as you say, need to download ineptpdf7.6.pyw here.
- No mention the plugin installation, which would be another challenge for them. To help you use this free DRM Removal plugin smoothly, this article will cover these two issues: how to install DRM Removal Plugin to Calibre on Windows /Mac and how to remove eBook DRM with Calibre DRM Removal plugins. How to Install Dedrm Plugin to Calibre.
- Aug 17, 2020 Step 2 download DeDRMtools to your computer. After downloading DeDRM tools to your Mac, you need to unzip it. Step 3 load DeDRM Calibre Plugin to Calibre. Open calibre's Preferences dialog by pressing Win + Comma at the same time on your keyboard. Click on the Plugins button. Next, click on the Load plugin from file button.
Dedrm Python 3
When we think about security on macOS and the tools used by offensive actors, whether those are real in the wild attacks or red team exercises, we tend to think of things like python scripts, shell scripts, malicious documents, shady extensions and of course, the fake, doctored or trojan application bundle. There is much less attention in the security field on AppleScript – a built-in macOS technology – despite the fact it’s been around for as long as Python and predates macOS 10 itself by 8 or 9 years.
As I’ll show in this post, AppleScript is widely used by offensive actors. This includes its use in adware, its use for tasks such as persistence, anti-analysis, browser hijacking, spoofing and more. Worryingly, given the lack of attention paid to AppleScript in the research community, that is all without even leveraging some of AppleScript’s most powerful or unique features, some of which we’ll cover below (others I’ve written about before here).
Why Have the Good Guys Ignored AppleScript?
Unlike Bash and other shell languages, and unlike Python, a cross-platform, beginner-friendly scripting language that has achieved widespread adoption and praise, AppleScript is a language peculiar to macOS; not only can you NOT use it on other Desktop operating systems like Windows and Linux, you can’t even use it on Apple’s other operating systems like iOS and iPadOS.
As a language, AppleScript has a reputation for being quirky, slow and difficult to develop even simple scripts with. It’s quirky because it attempts to use “natural language” but in a grammar that is entirely artificial, often inconsistent and frustratingly unintuitive. It’s also incredibly verbose. Compare the code for the simple task of counting the number of items in /usr/bin directory. As ever, a shell script will always be the most concise:
Python is a little more verbose, but still fairly clean and familiar:
The AppleScript version, however, is something of an entirely different nature.
AppleScript is also slow in execution because, among other things, the underlying technology involves constructing and sending Apple Events through an archaic interface called the Apple Event Manager that was written for Apple’s System 7 operating system (released in 1991) and not optimized for performance even back then.
Source: AppleScript Overview, © 2002, 2007 Apple Inc.
And it’s historically been difficult to develop scripts with AppleScript because most people who come to it will attempt to use the free, built-in but notoriously spartan (Apple)Script Editor.app, which lacks almost every and any feature developers normally expect and need. There’s no debugger, there’s no variable introspection, there’s no code snippets or effective code completion, to name just a few missing features.
Until recently, the only 3rd party alternative to Script Editor was priced at $200 and had a time-limited, 20-day demo period.
In short, the investment in time, effort and money required to produce something that still, after all that, can only be used on the macOS Desktop, effectively puts AppleScript at the bottom of the list for most people when it comes to choosing a useful or productive programming language. As a result, despite being with us for nearly 30 years, AppleScript is barely used by the majority of Mac admins, Mac developers or Mac end users. Indeed, AppleScript may have a good claim to being the Most Unloved and Unlovable Programming Language Ever.
So Why Do the Bad Guys Love Using AppleScript?
AppleScript was designed for automation and interapplication communication: the goal being to allow ordinary users to chain together repetitive tasks and execute them without further user interaction. For example, you can have Mail.app automatically trigger a script when it receives an email from a certain sender, or with a particular keyword in the subject line or content, extract whatever details you want from the email, and then populate a database in Excel or Numbers with the desired information, formatted and sorted on-the-fly as the data comes in. There’s no need for the user to be involved in any of this once the script is set up.
And as it turns out, automating interapplication communication and sidestepping user interaction is a godsend for malware authors. What could be more useful than bending popular applications like email clients, web browsers and the Microsoft Office suite to your will without needing to involve the user (aka in this scenario, the victim)?
And so, despite its general lack of appeal in almost all possible audiences for a scripting or programming language, there is one audience that does use AppleScript widely, if not particularly artfully or cleverly, and that is threat actors. Let’s look at some examples.
Recent Examples of AppleScript in macOS malware
A recent browser hijacker targeting Safari installs a hidden LaunchAgent that, via a shell script, loads, compiles and executes AppleScript.
It starts with a shell installer script packaged inside a DMG that’s supposed to contain an application called ‘PDFConverter4u’. But in a hidden .assets folder on the disk image is a first stage shell script:
5f198e82c0cf9a9f7d7a8d01273a6ad75a17a95960d8996dcdd028922b3d97bc
This unpacks and executes a second stage shell script:
55529224e9f70f5cab007e2ca98f6aec5cf31eb923fdfc09f60c01cc45c80666
Which eventually produces the hidden launch agent that executes another shell script containing the following AppleScript code, launched via osascript.
cdaa2121d79031cf39159198dfe64d3695a9c99ff7c3478a0b8953ade9052ecc
The purpose of the AppleScript is to replace the user’s search query on popular search engines google, bing and yahoo, with one provided by the attacker’s shell script. It’s a quick and easy way for bad actors to make money out of clicks which negatively impacts the victim’s productivity.
While this particular sample comes packed in a separate file, many others write their AppleScript directly into a MachO binary, either in plain text strings or in obfuscated base64 or similar encoding.
The following strings extracted from a Bundlore installer show that the code tries to force enable JavaScript execution in Google Chrome, then uses AppleScript to execute it in the active tab of the browser’s front window.
Strings from 41e0d31d52cb93f6a5020a278e8f360a6e134e6cc7092b4a5e575ac8b96a8d74
The next sample is a variant of a Pirrit malware.
21331ccee215801ca682f1764f3e37ff806e7510ded5576c0fb4d514b4cf2b7c
The authors use both plain text AppleScript and base64 encoded AppleScript, targeting Safari, Chrome and Firefox browsers.
Here’s some of the decoded base64 targeting Firefox and attempting to perform automated keystrokes to copy the current URL to the user’s clipboard before replacing the URL to that of the attacker’s choice:
Using AppleScript Without Apple Events
Speaking of base64, the next example illustrates something that many ordinary users and developers have overlooked about AppleScript, but which offensive actors have not: you can use AppleScript to execute any other kind of script, including python scripts like this one which drops the Empire exploit kit.
And what’s true of AppleScript and Python, is true of AppleScript and Perl, AppleScript and Bash and indeed AppleScript and absolutely any command line tool at all: you can call them all and bring their functionality into your AppleScript and combine that with other utilities.
10 Favorite Websites for OS X El Capitan Users. To learn about all things Macintosh and OS X El Capitan, hop onto the web, check out these sites, and stuff your brain with Mac information: Alltop aggregates information from dozens of great Mac-oriented websites and makes it easy to skim headlines and story summaries. You can even build your own. In your Mac/existing Hackintosh/virtual machine running Mac OS X, open the Mac App Store app and download the latest version of OS X El Capitan. This is a 8 GB download, so it's probably going to take a while. Once the Mac App Store app finishes downloading OS X El Capitan, an update window will pop up. Feel Free to Drop a LIKE👍 & SUBSCRIBE ️ Click here for more: SUBSCRIBE NOW for more: https://youtube.com/JaypeHD♦. But they’re also what you do if something really bad happens to the copy of OS X that you boot your Mac from, or if the version of OS X on your Mac is earlier than 10.10 El Capitan. In other words, these instructions describe the process for installing, reinstalling, or upgrading OS X El Capitan. Cheat engine for mac os x el capitan.
The examples above all use what we might call ‘vanilla AppleScript’. That is, the native AppleScript language that’s been around since the early days of the platform. But starting in Yosemite, 10.10 and continuing up to and including the most recent version of macOS, AppleScript has been given increasing power through access to Cocoa frameworks, and this opens up the possibility of creating full-blown, powerful programs and applications with nothing other than AppleScript itself. Objective C executed through AppleScript is, speed-wise, more or less on a par with Objective C executed in a MachO binary.
And interestingly, although we haven’t seen threat actors making use of these powerful capabilities so far, there’s at least two reasons why we may well do so in the future: first to avoid detection, and second, because of the easy availability of a good development environment.
Using AppleScript to Avoid Detection
Avoiding detection on execution is a primary objective for all malware (even ransomware, which doesn’t want to get noticed until after execution). AppleScript offers offensive actors a plethora of ways to execute. In addition to simply executing a .scrpt file, you can run AppleScripts from Mail rules, from a shell script, in memory, from the command line, from within a MachO, in a plain text, uncompiled file, from an Automator workflow, from a Folder Action, a Finder Service or from a Calendar event.
Because of AppleScript’s ability to execute Objective C code without needing a compiled binary, this opens up a number of interesting attack possibilities. It also potentially opens up the ability to bypass detection tools based on Apple’s new kextless security framework introduced in macOS Catalina 10.15.
In an excellent post by Cedric Owens called Taking the macOS Endpoint Security Framework For A Quick Spin, Owens sets out to test what can and cannot be detected using three recently developed 3rd-party security tools that leverage the new Apple Endpoint Security framework.
One of the interesting things that Owens found was that if you tried capturing the user’s clipboard via osascript and vanilla AppleScript, this activity would be easily picked up by all the tools he was testing.
However, when using the native Cocoa API, NSPasteboard, none of the Endpoint Security framework-powered tools Owens tested appeared to capture that activity. But now, of course, we can execute NSPasteboard natively from AppleScript, too!
Notice that our one line, simple but also detectable osascript has turned into about 14 lines of complex-looking AppleScript-ObjC. Few people, certainly not I, would want to try and construct that kind of code in Script Editor.
However, the problem of developing complex AppleScripts is now more or less a thing of the past. The 3rd party alternative mentioned earlier in this post now has an unlimited free trial version and retails at half of its old price; more importantly, it also allows you to drag and drop a great deal of boilerplate code like that used in the script above straight into your scripts. And it provides developer-friendly functionality like code completion and API lookups that really take the pain out of developing AppleScript code.
Let’s look at another example. A lot of offensive operations want to avoid targets that are running particular software. Little Snitch is a prime example, various VM software is another. We can easily get a list of running apps by name and test for those, again directly by calling into Cocoa APIs, this time via NSWorkspace.
If we just want a true/false test for the existence of specific apps, we can just put the app names in a list and return true on the first hit.
In other words, by leveraging AppleScript’s hook into Cocoa frameworks, we can execute native code without the overhead of building MachO binaries or MachO apps (although you can do both of those with AppleScript, too!). We can do this filelessly so that we don’t get caught by new ‘kextless’ tools such as those tested by Owens, and we can execute this code in far more ways than any other kind of code available on macOS, whether that’s shell scripts, Python scripts or native macOS bundles.
Conclusion
The upshot here is that the main reasons why the good guys have typically eschewed AppleScript are in fact no longer relevant or true. Since we’ve already seen threat actors taking advantage of AppleScript despite those obstacles in the past, it’s only reasonable to assume that they may delve deeper into what this unique language has to offer in the future. Thanks to the native hook into Objective C and the powerful Cocoa frameworks, the variety of execution methods and now the availability of an excellent, free-to-use IDE, AppleScript has become a tool that is powerful, versatile and easy-to-develop with.
Attackers will always look to exploit the things defenders ignore, and to say that AppleScript has been ignored by the security community thus far is an understatement. I have elsewhere described AppleScript as “the PowerShell of macOS”. Certainly, it’s time we stopped thinking of AppleScript as the Most Unlovable Programming Language Ever and recognize that it may actually be the One macOS Programming Language to Rule Them All.
Like this article? Follow us on LinkedIn, Twitter, YouTube or Facebook to see the content we post.
